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Piracy Jure Gentium 1934. „In re Piracy Jure Gentium” (1934), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Lloyd’s Law Report 49.

Piracy off the coast of Somalia (HC 1318) 2012. „Piracy off the coast of Somalia: Tenth Report of Session 2010–12”, HC 1318 (House of Commons–Foreign Affairs Committee, London 2012).

Proelss 2015. Proelss, Alexander Proelss, „Piracy and the Use of Force” in Panos Koutrakos – Achilles Skordas (szerk.), The Law and Practice of Piracy at Sea (Hart Publishing, Oxford 2015).

Ragni 2012. Ragni, Chiara, „Achille Lauro Affair (1985)” in Rüdiger Wolfrum (szerk.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law 8 (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012).

Roach 2010. Roach, Ashley, „Agora: Piracy Prosecutions. Countering Piracy off Somalia: International Law and International Institutions” (2010), American Journal of International Law 104. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.3.0397

Rubin 1990. Rubin, Alfred P., „Revising the Law of ʻPiracy’” (1990), California Western International Law Journal 21(129).

Rubin 1989. Rubin, Alfred P., „The Evolution of the Concept of Piracy” (1989), International Law Studies 63.

Rubin 1986. Rubin, Alfred P., „The Law of Piracy” (1986), Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 15.

Rubin 1988. Rubin, Alfred P. „The Law of Piracy, The United States of America and the Law of Piracy” (1988), International Law Studies 63.

Sánchez Patrón 2012. Sánchez Patrón, José Manuel, „Piratería Marítima, Fuerza Armada y Seguridad Privada” (2012), Revista Eléctrónica de Estudios Internacionales 23.

Shearer 2012. Shearer, Ivan, „Piracy” in Rüdiger Wolfrum (szerk.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law 8 (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012).

Shnider 2013. Shnider, Samuel, „Universal Jurisdiction Over ʻOperation of a Pirate Ship’: The Legality of the Evolving Piracy Definition in Regional Prosecutions” (2013), North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation 38.

Skordas 2015. Skordas, Achilles, „The Dark Side of Counter-piracy Policies” in Panos Koutrakos – Achilles Skordas (szerk.), The Law and Practice of Piracy at Sea (Hart Publishing, Oxford 2015).

Sterio 2015. Sterio, Milena, „Incorporating International Law to Establish Jurisdiction over Piracy Offenses” in Michael P. Scharf – Michael A. Newton – Milena Sterio (szerk.), Prosecuting Maritime Piracy: Domestic Solutions to International Crimes (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015).

Swiney 2015. Swiney, Gabriel, „International Law and US Responses to Piracy off the Coast of Somalia’ Perspective” in Panos Koutrakos – Achilles Skordas (szerk.), The Law and Practice of Piracy at Sea (Hart Publishing, Oxford 2015).

The Nyon Arrangements 1937. „The Nyon Arrangements – Piracy by Treaty?” (1937), British Yearbook of International Law 19(198).

Thedwallm 2010. Thedwallm, Craig, „Choosing the Right Yardarm: Establishing an International Court for Piracy” (2010), Georgetown Journal of International Law 41.

Treves 2010. Treves, Tullio, „Human Rights and the Law of the Sea” (2010), Berkeley Journal of International Law 28(1).

Treves 2009. Treves, Tullio, „Piracy, Law of the Sea, and Use of Force: Developments off the Coast of Somalia” (2009), The European Journal of International Law 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp027

Tuerk 2009. Tuerk, Helmut, „The Resurgence of Piracy: A Phenomenon of Modern Times” (2009), University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review 17.

Walker 2011. Walker, Randall, „International Law of the Sea: Applying the Doctrine of Hot Pursuit in the 21st Century” (2011), Auckland University Law Review 17.

Webster 1983. Webster, Daniel, „Letter to Henry Stephen Fox” in K.E Shewmaker (szerk.), The Papers of Daniel Webster: Diplomatic Papers, Volume 1: 1841–1843, (Darthmouth College Press, Dartmouth 1983).

Williams 2014. Williams, Eniola, „Private Armed Guards in the Fight against Piracy” in E. D. Papastavridis – K. N. Trapp (szerk.), La criminalité en mer / Crimes at Sea, Centre for Studies and Research in International Law and International Relations Series 15 (Brill–Nijhoff, Leiden, 2014).

Zubir 2012. Zubir, Nurulizwan A. – Dahalan, Wan Siti Adibah Wan, „Maritime Violence: Implications to Malaysia” (2012), Arena Hukum 5(1). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2012.00501.6

Konferenciaelőadások, szakmai blogok és tudományos sajtóközlemények

Chadwick 2019b. Chadwick, Mark, „Emerging Voices: Theorising Universal Jurisdiction–Time to Reappraise the ʻPiracy Analogy’?” (2019. augusztus 19.), Opinio Juris, http://opiniojuris.org/2019/08/19/emerging-voices-theorising-universal-jurisdiction-time-to-reappraise-the-piracy-analogy/, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Cook 2012. Cook, Peter, „Maritime Security Accreditation: recruitment, training and vetting” in Piracy, the curse of maritime transport: Seminar on piracy and armed robbery at sea (2012. március 28–29.).

Dutton 2016. Dutton, Yvonne M., „Fighting Maritime Piracy with Private Armed Guards” (2016. július 11.), Oxford Research Group, https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/documents/detail/fighting-maritime-piracy-with-private-armed-guards/513690, (2025. szeptember 2.).

Eudeline 2011. Eudeline, Hugues, „Terrorism – A New Threat to the Control of the Sea” in Maritime Challenges in the 21st Century Stockhom Sea Power Conference: Swedish National Defence College Conference (2011. május 3–4).

Evenso–Jarrah et al. 2018. Evenso, Elizabeth – Jarrah, Balkees – Keppler, Elise – Pappier, Juan – Singh, Param-Preet, „The ICC’s Impact on National Justice: Can the ICC Prosecutor Catalyze Domestic Cases?” (2018. december 6.), EJIL: Talk!, https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-iccs-impact-on-national-justice-can-the-icc-prosecutor-catalyze-domestic-cases/, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Examination of Witness 2011. „Examination of Witness (Question Numbers 77-112): Piracy off the Coast of Somalia” (2011. június 22.), UK House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmfaff/1318/11062204.htm(2025. szeptember 30.).

Gambone–McGarry 2014. Gambone, Michael D. – McGarry, John J., „A Wolf By the Ears: U.S. Policy Failures, Reform, and the Necessity of Private Military Security Contractors, 2003–2013” (2014. december 1.), Jale Journal of International Affairs, https://www.yalejournal.org/publications/a-wolf-by-the-ears-us-policy-failures-reform-and-the-necessity-of-private-military-security-contractors-20032013, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Guidance on Self-defence 2018. „Guidance on Self-defence and Deefence of Others by U.S. Flagged Commercial Vessels Operating in High Risk Waters” (2009. június 18.), Port Security Advisory.

Guilfoyle 2010c. Guilfoyle, Douglas, „ECHR Rights at Sea: Medvedyev and others v. France” (2010. április 19.), EJIL: Talk!, https://www.ejiltalk.org/echr-rights-at-sea-medvedyev-and-others-v-france/, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Gumedze 2008. Gumedze, Sabelo, „Regulation of the Private Security Sector in Africa, Policy Paper” (2008), Institute for Security Studies 11, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/101754/PVTSECPOLPAPFEB09.pdf, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Lakotta 2011. Lakotta, Beate, „German Justice Through the Eyes of a Somali Pirate” (2011. április 7.), Der Spiegel, https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/torture-execution-german-justice-through-the-eyes-of-a-somali-pirate-a-755340.html, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Leehy Coggins–Kim 2014. Leehy Coggins, Bridget – Kim, J. James, „How Korea Can Better Manage Maritime Piracy and Terror” (2014. március 10.), The Asian Institute for Policy Studies, https://asaninst.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=s1_1_eng&wr_id=62, (2025. augusztus 30.).

Mahdi 2019. Mahdi, Maham, „Africa’s international crimes court is still a pipe dream” (2019. október 15.), Institute for Security Studies, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/africas-international-crimes-court-is-still-a-pipe-dream?utm_source=BenchmarkEmail&utm_campaign=ISS_Today&utm_medium=email, (2025. szeptember 30.).

McNeish 2011. McNeish, Hannah, „Madagascar Captures Somali Pirate ʻMother ship’, Now what?” (2011. március 1.), The Christian Science Monitor http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2011/0301/Madagascar-captures-Somali-pirate-mother-ship.-Now-what, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Methymaki–Tams 2020. Methymaki, Elena – Tams, Christian, „Immunities and Compromissary Clauses: Making Sense of Enrica Lexie” (2020. augusztus 27.), EJIL: Talk!, https://www.ejiltalk.org/immunities-and-compromissory-clauses-making-sense-of-enrica-lexie-part-i/, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Mishra 2019. Mishra, Abhishek, „Piracy is back to infest West African waters, but what’s driving it?” (2019. június 25.), Observer Research Foundation, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/piracy-again-back-infest-west-african-waters-what-driving-52339/, (2025. szeptember 29.).

Ogbonnaya 2020. Ogbonnaya, Maurice, „Nigeria’s anti-piracy law misses the mark, Institute for Security Studies” (2020. május 7.), Institute for Security Studies, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/nigerias-anti-piracy-law-misses-the-mark, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Okafor-Yaewood–Walker–Reva 2021. Okafor-Yaewood, Ifesinachi – Walker, Timothy – Reva, Denys, „Gulf of Guinea piracy: a symptom, not a cause, of insecurity” (2021. február 10.), Institute for Security Studies, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/gulf-of-guinea-piracy-a-symptom-not-a-cause-of-insecurity, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Questionnaire on Implementation 2004. „Questionnaire on Implementation” in Vancouver Conference (2004), Working Paper for the Committee on Maritime Security Re Criminal Offences Committed on Foreign Flagged Ships.

Questionnaire on Implementation of the Model National Law 2005. „Questionnaire on Implementation of the Model National Law on Acts of Piracy and Maritime Violence” (2005 májusa), by President of the Comité Maritime International.

Raia 2012. Raia, Marilyn, „Maritime Piracy in US Courts” (2012), https://www.bullivant.com/maritime-piracy-in-us-courts/, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Sakamoto 2021. Sakamoto, Shigeki Sakamoto, „China’s New Coast Guard Law and Implications for Maritime Security in the East and South China Seas” (2021. február 16.), Lawfare, https://www.lawfareblog.com/chinas-new-coast-guard-law-and-implications-maritime-security-east-and-south-china-seas, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Cook 2011. Cook, Kevin S., „Self-Defense of Vessels of the United States, Coast Guard Notice” (2011. június 7.), Federal Register.

Silva 2013. Silva, Cristina, „Despite declining number of pirate attacks, seas still far from safe” (2013. január 20.), Stars and Stripes, https://www.stripes.com/news/2013-01-20/despite-declining-number-of-pirate-attacks-seas-still-far-from-safe-2329280.html1, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Sperber 2018. Sperber, Amanda, „Somalia Is a Country without an Army” (2018. augusztus 7.), Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/08/07/somalia-is-a-country-without-an-army-al-shabab-terrorism-horn-africa-amisom, (2025. szeptember 29.).

Szalai 2018. Szalai Anikó, „A kalózkodással kapcsolatos magyar fenntartás” (2018. június 27.), https://drszalaianiko.wordpress.com/tag/tengerjog/, (2025. szeptember 30.).

Schabas 2021. Schabas, William, „Relation of International Criminal Law and Other Branches” (2021 januárja), Course at the Hague Academy of International Law. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004521506_009

Sterio 2014. Sterio, Milena, „Piracy in Corsica?” (2014. február 23.), Communis Hostis Omnium https://piracy-law.com/2014/02/23/piracy-in-corsica/, (2025. szeptember 29.).

Zsebe 2014. Zsebe Zsolt, „A katonai magánvállalatok szabályozása a nem-zetközi jogban” (2014. május 19.), Biztonságpolitika, http://biztonsagpolitika.hu/elemzesek/a-katonai-maganvallalatok-szabalyozasa-a-nemzetkozi-jogban, (2025. szeptember 29.).

Felhasznált dokumentumok (egyezmények, irányelvek, jelentések, megállapodások) jegyzéke

1949-es III. genfi egyezmény, a hadifoglyokkal való bánásmódról, Genf, 1949

1949. augusztus 12-én kötött genfi egyezményeket kiegészítő és a nemzetközi fegyveres összeütközések áldozatainak védelméről szóló jegyzőkönyv (I. jegyzőkönyv), Genf, 1949

1951-es genfi egyezmény a menekültek helyzetére vonatkozóan, Genf, 1951. július 28.

1977 OAU Convention for the Elimination of the Mercenarism in Africa, CM/817 (XXIX) Libreville (3 July 1977)

1984-es kínzás és más kegyetlen, embertelen vagy megalázó büntetések vagy bánásmódok elleni egyezmény (1984. december 10.)

Az Egyesült Nemzetek Alapokmánya, 1945. október 24.

A Nemzetközi Büntetőbíróság Római Statútuma, Róma, 1998 (1998. július 17.)

African Charter on Maritime Security and Safety and Development in Africa, 15 October 2016 (Lomé Charter)

Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990.

Code of conduct concerning the repression of piracy and armed robbery against ships in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden (Djibouti, 2009)

Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of Piracy, Armed Robbery against Ships, and Illicit Maritime Activity in West and Central Africa, 25 June 2013, (Yaoundé Code)

Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture (2009) CAT/C/KEN/CO/1

Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee against Torture (25 July 2006) CAT/C/USA/CO/2

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, Rome, 1988 (10 March 1988) and its Protocol 2005 LEG/CONF.15/21 (1 November 2005)

Convention on the High Seas Civil and Political Rights, Geneva, 1958 (29 April 1958)

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Paris, 1948 (9 December 1948)

Draft International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight and Monitoring Of Private Military and Security Companies (13 July 2009)

Emberi Jogok Európai Egyezménye, Róma, 1950

General Comment, No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22, CAT/C/GC/4 (4 September 2018)

Human Rights Committee, „Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant” (18 December 2006) CCPR/C/USA/CO/3/Rev.1 C.

International Chamber of Commerce, International Maritime Bureau, „Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships”, Annual Report 1 January–31 December 2002 (January 2007)

International Convention against the Taking of Hostages 1979 (17 December 1979)

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) (1 November 1974)

London Naval Treaty, 22 April 1930

Official Records of the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Geneva (24 February-27 April 1958), A/CONF.13/L.58, vol. 2

Polgári és Politikai Jogok Nemzetközi Egyezségokmánya, New York (1966. december 16.)

Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, 2014

Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia, Singapore, 2004

Ships and marine technology – Guidelines for Private Maritime Security Companies providing privately contracted armed security personnel (PCASP) on board ships (and pro forma contract) ISO 28007-1:2015

Statute of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (Annex VI UNCLOS), Montego Bay, 1982

Strategic Dialogue Framework Agreement, 2019 (Kenya, USA)

The Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden (29 January 2009)

The Gulf of Guinea Declaration on the Suppression of Piracy 2021

The Montreux Document on Private Military and Security Companies (Montreux Document on pertinent international legal obligations and good practices for States related to operations of private military and security companies during armed conflict) (17 September 2008)

The Nyon Agreement 181 L.N.T.S. 137, 1937 http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/1937a.htm (2025. szeptember 30.)

Treaty for the Extradition of Criminals and for Protection against Anarchism (28 January 1928)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay, 1982

Washington Naval Treaty (6 February 1922)

Nemzetközi Jogi Bizottság

Articles concerning the Law of the Sea with commentaries, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, vol. II, 1956

Draft Statute for an International Criminal Court with commentaries, ILC Rep. (1994), Yearbook of the International Law Commission, vol. II

Harvard Draft Convention on Piracy, 1932

ILC, „Draft articles on Responsibility of International Organizations” (2011) UN Doc A/66/10

ILC, „Report of the International Law Commission Covering the Work of its Eighth Session” (23 April–4 July 1956) UN Doc A/3159

Koskenniemi, Martti, „Fragmentaion of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law”, Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission (Geneva, 2006), A/CN.4/L.682

Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly, U.N. Doc. A/2934 (1955)

ENSZfőtitkár

Report of the Secretary General on modalities for the establishment of specialized Somali anti-piracy courts UNSG Rep. 360 (15 June 2011) UN Doc S/2011/360

ENSZBiztonsági Tanács

UNSC Res 1744 (20 February 2007) UN Doc S/RES/1744

UNSC Res 1811 (29 April 2008) UN Doc S/RES/1811

UNSC Res 1816 (2 June 2008) UN Doc/S/RES/1816

UNSC Meeting Record on Somalia (2 June 2008) UN Doc/S/PV.5902

UNSC Res 1844 (20 November 2008) UN Doc S/RES/1844

UNSC Res 1846 (2 December 2008) UN Doc S/RES/1846

UNSC Res 1851 (16 December 2008) UN Doc S/RES/1851

UNSC Res 1872 (26 May 2009) UN Doc S/RES/1872

UNSC Res 1897 (30 November 2009) UN Doc S/RES/1897

UNSC Res 394 (26 July 2010) UN Doc S/RES/394

UNSC Res 1950 (23 November 2010) UN Doc S/RES/1950 (2010)

UNSC Res 1976 (11 April 2011) UN Doc S/RES/ 1976 (2011)

UNSC Res 2020 (22 November 2011) UN Doc S/RES/2020 (2011)

UNSC Rep 726 (13 October 2014) UN Doc S/2014/726 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4451

UNSC Res 2383 (7 November 2017) UN Doc S/RES/2383

UNSC Res 2442 (6 November 2018) UN Doc S/RES/2442

UNSC Meeting Record on „Maintenance of international peace and security Transnational organized crime at sea as a threat to international peace and security” (5 February 2019) UN Doc/ S/PV.8457

ENSZKözgyűlés

UNGA Res 798 (7 December 1953) UN Doc A/RES/798 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.1953.tb05703.x

UNGA Res 899 (14 December 1954) UN Doc A/RES/899

UNGA Res 70/175 (30 Aug 1955) UN Doc GA/RES/70/175 https://doi.org/10.1038/175070a0

UNGA Res 2625 UN Doc GA/RES/2625 (1970)

UNGA Res 3314 UN Doc GA/RES/3314 (1974)

UNGA res 40/61 (9 Deecember 1985) UN Doc A/RES/40/61 https://doi.org/10.1177/107769588504000121

UNGA Res 54/109 (25 February 2000) UN Doc A/RES/54/109 (International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism)

UNGA Res 64/151 (18 December 2009) UN Doc A/RES/64/151 https://doi.org/10.1628/002268809787360239

UNGA Res (4 July 2013) UN Doc A/HRC/24/47

Nemzetközi Tengerészeti Szervezet

IMO MSC/Circ.623 (18 June 1993) https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(93)90186-E

IMO Doc/LEG 93/12/1, IMO Legal Committee, „Maritime criminal acts – draft guidelines for national legislation submitted by the Comité Maritime International” (15 August 2007)

IMO Doc. IMO/SGP 1/4 „Singapore Statement on Enhancement of Safety, Security and Environmental Protection in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore” (6 September 2007)

IMO Res. 922 (22 January 2009) IMO Doc/A 22/RES 922

IMO MSC. 1/Circ.1333 (26 June 2009)

IMO Res. A. 1025(26) (2 December 2009) IMO Doc/A 26/ RES 1025 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9800-3

IMO MSC. 1/Circ.1339 (September, 2011)

IMO MSC. 4/Circ. 180, 2011-es éves jelentés

IMO MSC. 1/Circ.1443 (25 May 2012)

IMO MSC. 1/Circ.1405/Rev.2 (May 2012)

IMO International Shipping Facts and Figures-Information Resources on Trade, Safety, Security, Environment, London, Maritime Knowledge Centre, 2012

IMO MSC. 1/Circ.1406/Rev.3 (June 2015)

Európai Unióhoz köthető dokumentumok

2011/95/EU irányelv

Cotonui Megállapodás, 2000/483/EK partnerségi megállapodás

Council Conclusions launching the pilot case of the Coordinated Maritime Presences concept in the Gulf of Guinea, no. 5387/21 of 25 January 2021

Council Decision 2009/293/CFSP of 26 February 2009 concerning the Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Government of Kenya on the conditions and modalities for the transfer of persons suspected of having committed acts of piracy and detained by the European Union-led naval force (EUNAVFOR), and seized property in the possession of EUNAVFOR, from EUNAVFOR to Kenya and for their treatment after such transfer

Council Decision 2009/877/CFSP of 23 October on the signing and provisional application of the Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Republic of Seychelles on the conditions and modalities for the transfer of suspected pirates and armed robbers from EUNAVFOR to the Republic of Seychelles and for their treatment after such transfer

Council Decision 2011/640/CFSP of 12 July 2011 on the Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Mauritius on the conditions of transfer of suspected pirates and associated seized property from the European Union-led naval force to the Republic of Mauritius and on the conditions of suspected pirates after transfer

Council Joint Action 2008/851/CFSP of 10 November 2008 on a European Union military operation to contribute to the deterrence, prevention and repression of acts of piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast

Council Recommendation 2002/C 153/01 (13 June 2002) regarding cooperation between the competent national authorities of Member States responsible for the private security sector

EU strategy for the Gulf of Guinea, Foreign Affairs Council meeting Brussels (17 March 2014)

Európai Unióról szóló szerződés egységes szerkezetbe foglalt változata, Hivatalos Lap C 326., 2012. október 26.

European Comission, „Somalia: Joint Strategy Paper – for the period 2008–2013”

Joint Investigation Teams, Practical Guide, (EU Council, 14 February 2017), 6128/1/17 REV 1

Maritime Piracy Judicial Monitor, no.1 (September 2013), EUROJUST Report

Maritime Piracy Judicial Monitor, no.2 (April 2015), EUROJUST Report 2/L/2015

Politikai és Biztonsági Bizottság (KKBP) 2021/87 határozata (2021. január 26.) L 30/4 https://doi.org/10.30718/POLTUD.HU.2021.2.87

Tanács 2010/766/KKBP határozata (2010. december 7.) a Szomália partjainál folytatott kalóztámadásoktól és fegyveres rablásoktól való elrettentéshez, azok megelőzéséhez és visszaszorításához való hozzájárulás céljából folytatott európai uniós katonai műveletről szóló 2008/851/KKBP együttes fellépés módosításáról http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:327:0049:0050:EN:PDF> (2025. szeptember 30.)

Tanács 2020/2188. sz. határozata

Felhasznált nemzeti jogszabályok, ajánlások

Brazília, 1940. évi 2.848 tv. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4171.848

Chile, 1984. évi 20730. tv.

Dél-Korea, Criminal Act of the Republic of Korea, Act No. 11731 (5 April 2013)

Egyesült Államok, Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Alkotmánya (1787)

Egyesült Államok, General Orders No. 100, Lieber Code (24 April 1863)

Egyesült Államok, Code of Laws of the United States of America (1926) https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-81 (2025. szeptember 30.)

Egyesült Államok, Alien Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C (1948)

Egyseült Államok, Instruction, Operational Contract Support, Department of Defense (2011. december, módosítva 2018-ban), No. 3020.41 https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/302041p.pdf (2025. szeptember 30.)

Egyesült Királyság, Act for punysshement of Pyrotes and Robbers of the See (Offences at Sea Act, 1536)

Egyesült Királyság, Act for the more effectual suppression of Piracy (1698)

Egyesült Királyság, Taking of Hostages Act (1982)

Egyesült Királyság, Aviation and Maritime Security Act (1990)

Egyesült Királyság, The Maritime Security (Jersey) Order 1996, (No. 2881 of 1996)

Egyesült Királyság, Merchant Shipping and Maritime Security Act (1997)

Egyesült Királyság, Human Rights Act (1998)

Franciaország, La grande ordonnance de la marine (1681)

Franciaország, Loi 94-589 du 15 juillet 1994 relative à l’exercice par l’Etat de ses pouvoirs de police en mer

Franciaország, Code pénal no. 96-151 (1996)

Franciaország, Circulaire du 13 juillet 2011, Ministèr de la Justice et des Libértés

Franciaország, Loi 2014-742 du 1er juillet 2014, relative aux activités privées de protection des navires

Franciaország, Code de la défense (2016) https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr (2025. szeptember 30.)

Franciaország, Ordonnance no. 2019-414 du 7 mai 2019

Fülöp-szigetek, Republic Act No. 7659 of 1993

Hollandia, Criminal Code of the Kingdom of Netherlands (1881, amended in 2012)

Hollandia, Act of 15 May 2019, laying down rules for the deployment of armed private maritime security guards on board Dutch merchant ships (Merchant Shipping Protection Act)

India, Act no. 48 of 1860

India, British Admiralty Law (1947)

India, Anti-Maritime Piracy Bill, No. 369 of 2019 (23 December 2019)

Indonézia, Penal Code of Indonesia (1999)

Japán, Act No. 55 of 2009, Act on the Punishment of and Measures against Piracy https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/JPN_anti_piracy.pdf (2025. szeptember 30.)

Kenya, Act No. 4 of 2009, Merchant Shipping Act

Kenya, Act No. 13 of 2016, The Private Security Regulation

Kína, Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, President Order No. 83 (1997)

Kína, Decree No. 356 (2002) Regulations on Administration of Use of Guns by Full-time Guards and Escorts

Kína, Ships and marine technology – Guidelines for private maritime security companies (PMSC) providing privately contracted armed security personnel (PCASP) on board ships (and pro forma contract), GB/T 41887.1-2022

Magyarország, 1988. évi 3. tvr

Magyarország, H/5558. számú országgyűlési határozati javaslat az Egyesült Nemzetek Montego Bayben, 1982. december 10-én aláírásra megnyitott Tengerjogi Egyezménye megerősítéséről, valamint XI. Részének végrehajtásával kapcsolatos, New Yorkban, 1994. július 24-én aláírásra megnyitott Megállapodáshoz történő csatlakozásról

Magyarország, 2003. évi LXVIII. törvény a tengerhajózás biztonsága elleni jogellenes cselekmények visszaszorításáról szóló, az ENSZ Nemzetközi Tengerészeti Szervezete által 1988. március 10-én, Rómában elfogadott Egyezmény, és a kontinentális talapzaton rögzített mesterséges szigetek biztonsága elleni jogellenes cselekmények visszaszorításáról szóló Jegyzőkönyv kihirdetéséről

Magyarország, 2012. évi C tv

Magyarország, 2013. évi LXVII. tv

Malajzia, Arms Act (1960)

Malajzia, Kidnapping Act (1961)

Malajzia, Courts of Judicature Act (1964)

Malajzia, Firearms Act (1971)

Malajzia, Act 163 of 1976, Extra-Territorial Offences Act

Malajzia, Act 633 of 2004, Malaysian Maritime Enforcemenet Agency Act

Malajzia, Act 574 of 2015, Penal Code of Malaysia

Malajzia, Prevention of Terrorism Act (2015)

Németország, Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1949), angol fordítás: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0136 (2025. szeptember 30.)

Németország, Strafgesetzbuch (1998), angol fordítás: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#p2961 (2025. szeptember 30.)

Németország, Gewerbeordnung (1999)

Nigéria, Private Guards Companies Act, 2018 (intorduced in 1986), Chapter 367

Nigéria, Suppression of Piracy and Other Maritime Offences Act (2019)

Olaszország, Codice della Navigazione (1942)

Olaszország, Lei n.689 1994 (2 dicembre 1994)

Olaszország, Lei n. 209 2009 (24 febbraio 2009) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2009.00538_a.x

Olaszország, Legge, n. 130/2011

Portugália, Decreto-Lei n. 159/2019

Spanyolország, Ley 23/1992, de Seguridad Privada

Spanyolország, Real Decreto 2364/1994, (9 de diciembre, 1994)

Spanyolország, Ley Orgánica 5/2000, reguladora de la responsabilidad penal de los menores

Spanyolország, Real Decreto 1628/2009 (30 de octubre, 2009)

Spanyolország, Ley Orgánica 5/2010, Código Penal

Spanyolország, Ley 5/2014 de Seguridad Privada

Szomália, Somaliland Criminal Procedure Ordinance (1926)

Szomália, Maritime Code (1959)

Szomália, Ordinances 17 and 18 of (20 June 1960)

Szomália, Legislative Decree no. 5 (16 December 1962)

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Szomália, Law No. 14 (9 February 1989)

Szomália, Presidential Decree 0194/01 2012 (24 January 2012)

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Venezuela, Código Penal, Ley 5.494 de 2000

Felhasznált jogesetek jegyzéke

Állandó Nemzetközi Bíróság

The Case of the S.S. Lotus (France v. Turkey) [1927]

Állandó Nemzetközi Választottbíróság

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The „Enrica Lexie” Incident (Italy v. India) [2015] PCA Case No. 2015-28 (Award 21 May 2020)

Emberi Jogi Tanács

A.R.J. v. Australia (1997) UN Human Rights Committee (HRC) CCPR/C/60/D/692/1996

Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága

Ali Samatar és mások v. Franciaország (Application no. 17110/10 and 17301/10) ECHR 4. December 2014

Bankovic és mások v. Belgium és 16 Szerződő Állam (2001) (Application no. 52207/99) ECHR 9 December 2001, 44 EHRR SE5

Behrami v. Franciaország (Application no. 71412/01) ECHR 2 May 2007

Hassan és mások v. Franciaország (Application no. 46695/10 and 54588/10) ECHR 4. December 2014

Isaak és mások v. Törökország (2008) (Application no. 44587/98) ECHR 24 June 2008

McCann és mások v. Egyesült Királyság (Application no. 18984/91) ECHR 27 September 1995

Medvedyev és mások v. Franciaország (2010) (Application no. 3394/03) ECHR 29 March 2010, 51 EHRR 39

Rigopoulos v. Spanyolország (1999) (Application no. 37388/97) ECHR 12 January 1999, EHRR 1999-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-1762(00)87448-9

Saramati v. Franciaország, Németország, Norvégia (Application no. 78166/01) ECHR 2 May 2007

Soering v. Egyesült Királyság (1989) (Application no. 14038/88) ECHR 7 July 1989, 11 EHRR 439., para. 91 (1)

Európai Unió Bírósága

C-164/97 és C-165/97 Parlament v. Tanács (Erdővédelmi rendeletek)

ICTY (ex-jugoszláv törvényszék)

Prosecutor v. Tadić Appeals Chamber, 2 October 1995, Case no. IT-94-1-AR72,

Kínzás Elleni Bizottság

H.M.H.I. v. Australia, UN Committee Against Torture (1 May 2002), CAT/C/28/D/177/2001

Nemzetközi Bíróság

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) [2015] ICJ Rep 3

Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000, Congo, (The Democratic Republic of the v. Belgium) [2002] ICJ Rep 3

Case concerning the continental shelf (Tunesia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) [1982] ICJ Rep 74

Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway) [1951] ICJ Rep 133

Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya) (Prelminary Objections, Judgment) [2017] ICJ Rep 161 https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/161 (2025. augusztus 31.)

Nemzetközi Tengerjogi Bíróság

The M/V „Saiga” (No.2) (Saint Vincent and The Grenadines v. Guinea) [1999] ITLOS Rep.1999, 10.

Nemzeti bíróságok előtt tárgyalt ügyek

Ahmed, The Republic v. Abdukar Ahmed & Five Others (2011) No.21 (The Supreme Court of Seychelles)

Ali, United States v. Ali Mohamed ALI, Also Known as Ahmed Ali Adan, Also Known as Ismail Ali, No. 12–3056., 2013, United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit

Alondra Rainbow, 18 April 2005 Mumbai High Court

Britannia Shipping Corp. v. Globe Rutgers F. Ins. Co., 138 Misc. 38, 244 N.Y.S. 720 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1930)

Castle John and Nederlandse Stichting Sirius v. NV. Mabeco and NV Parfin, (Belgium Court of Cassation 1986)

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Cygnus, the District Court of Rotterdam (25 May 2010)

Eichmann, Judgment in the Trial of Adolf Eichmann, (1961) Criminal Case No. 40/61 (District Court of Jerusalem)

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Furlong, United States v. Furlong (1820), 18 U.S. 5 Wheat. 184

Guanabara, The Prosecutor v. Mohamed Urgus Adeysey, Abdinur Hussein Ali, X1, X2 (Tokyo District Court) Judgment of 12 April 2013

Hasan, United States v. Hasan (USS Nicholas) No. 2:10cr56, 2010 WL 4281892 (E.D. Va. 2010)

Hashi, Mohamud Mohamed Hashi alias Dhodi and Eight Others v. Republic of Kenya, Misc. Applications no. 434 of 2009 (High Court of Kenya)

Izurdia, Sentencia no. 1/2015 (02/02/2015), Audiencia Nacional, Sala de lo Penal

Le Ponant, No. 11/022 (14 juin 2012) Cour D’Assises de Paris, 2 ième section statuan de premier resort (L. EJEB Ali Samatar)

M/V Cheung Son, Wei Siliang and Soni Wee and Others, Guangdong Higher Court, December 1999

M/V Taipan, LJN: BM6780 (Rechtbank Amsterdam, Internationale Rechtshulpkamer, 4 June 2010) és MV Taipan case 2012, (Landgericht Hamburg), Judgement of 19 October 2012

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Montecristo, Appeal, Juvenile Court of Appeal of Rome (Corte di Appello di Roma, sezione minori) Judgment no.120/2012

MT Bunga Laurel, Kasayah Dhalin Hussein v. PP (Unreported Case) 24 Sept 2012, Case Number: 44-126-07/2012 (Kuala Lumpur, High Court, Criminal Division)

MT Nepline Delima, June 2005, Session Court Kedah l. Shah

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Rheinland Pfalz, Verwaltungsgericht Köln, 25 K 4280/09 http://www.justiz.nrw.de/nrwe/ovgs/vg_koeln/j2011/25_K_4280_09urteil20111111.html (2025. szeptember 30.)

Said, United States v. Said (USS Ashland) No. 2:10cr57, 2010 WL 3893761 (E.D. Va. 2010) http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-4th-circuit/1710743.html (2025. szeptember 30.)

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Felhasznált egyéb internetes oldalak

„Ban taps veteran French politician as special adviser on piracy off Somali coast” 2010, United Nations https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/08/348832-ban-taps-veteran-french-politician-special-adviser-piracy-somali-coast (2025. szeptember 30.)

„Building Coalitions, Enhancing cross-sector collaboration against maritime crime” 2026, Interpol https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Maritime-crime/Building-coalitions (2026. június 6.)

Cheney-Peters, Scott, „Whither the private maritime security companies of South and Southeast Asia?” 2014 https://cimsec.org/part-2-whither-pmscs-south-southeast-asia/ (2025. szeptember 30.)

„Comparison of Flag State Laws on Armed Guards and Arms on Board” 2017, Internetaional Chamber of Shipping https://www.ics-shipping.org/publication/comparison-of-flag-state-laws-on-armed-guards-2017/ (2025. szeptember 30.)

„Countries In Africa With The Longest Coastlines” 2025, WorldAtlas https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-in-africa-with-the-longest-coastlines.html (2025. szeptember 29.)

CRIMARIO 2023 https://crimario.eu/ (2025. szeptember 29.)

CTF 151 2009 https://combinedmaritimeforces.com/ctf-151-counter-piracy/ (2025. szeptember 29.)

„EU considers maritime security concept in Gulf of Guinea” 2019, Safety4Sea https://safety4sea.com/eu-considers-maritime-security-concept-in-gulf-of-guinea/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_b753862f13564d54a1b6f37286ed1495f1a0cb60-1627373240-0-gqNtZGzNAg2jcnBszQh6 (2025. szeptember 30.)

EU Maritime Security Factsheet: The Gulf of Guinea 2019 https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190314001400320?input=tw (2025. szeptember 30.)

EU Maritime Security Factsheet: The Gulf of Guinea 2021 https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/52490/eu-maritime-security-factsheet-gulf-guinea_en (2025.szeptember 30.)

EUNAVFOR Somalia Operation Atalanta Conducts Exercise with Indian Navy in the Gulf of Aden 2021 https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-india-joint-naval-exercise-0_en (2025. szeptember 30.)

EU–Afrika kapcsolatok: Hogyan működnek együtt az afrikai országok és az EU? 2025 https://www.consilium.europa.eu/hu/policies/eu-africa/ (2025. szeptember 30.)

EUCAP Somalia 2025 https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eucap-som_en?s=332

EUTM Somalia 2025 https://www.eutmsomalia.eu/

„Evolution of piracy at sea: pirates in maritime” 2020, Marine Digital https://marine-digital.com/article_pirates (2025. szeptember 30.)

„GDP, current prices, Map 2026” 2026, International Monetary Fund https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD (2026. június 6.)

„George Washington and the Barbary Coast Pirates” 2018, The Washington Papers https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/topics/gw-and-the-barbary-coast-pirates/ (2025.szeptember 29.)

GUARDCON-szerződésminta 2025 https://www.bimco.org/contracts-and-clauses/bimco-contracts/guardcon# (2025. szeptember 30.)

Hungarian Soldiers for Security 2025 https://defence.hu/news/hungarian-soldiers-for-security-lieutenant-general-kajari-in-somalia.html (2025.szeptember 30.)

„IMB Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Report” 2022, Commercial Crime Services https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2021_Annual_IMB_Piracy_Report.pdf (2025. szeptember 30.)

„IMO Guidelines, Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships” 2025, International Maritime Organization https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/security/pages/piracy-guidance-default.aspx (2025. szeptember 29.)

IMO Questionnaire on PMSC 2011, Argentina https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Security/Documents/PCASP/Argentina_E.pdf (2025. szeptember 30.)

IMO Questionnaire on PMSC 2011, Somalia https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Security/Documents/PCASP/Somalia.pdf (2025. szeptember 30.)

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Indian Ocean Best Management Practices 2025 https://www.ukmto.org/indian-ocean (2025. szeptember 30.)

Interim guidance for UK flagged shipping on the use of armed guards 2025 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/interim-guidance-to-uk-flagged-shipping-on-the-use-of-armed-guards-to-defend-against-the-threat-of-piracy-in-exceptional-circumstances/dddd (2025. szeptember 30.)

„Interim Guidelines for Owners, Operators and Masters for Protection against Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea Region” 2013, International Maritime Organization https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/Piracy-Guidance-Default.aspx (2025. szeptember 29.)

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INTERPOL European Commission-funded project to assist East African police fight maritime piracy 2024 https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Maritime-crime/Projects/Port-Security-Project (2025.szeptember 30.)

Kenya: Court Rules Kenya Lacks Jurisdiction over Offenses Committed on High Seas 2012 https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2010-11-12/kenya-court-rules-kenya-lacks-jurisdiction-over-offenses-committed-on-high-seas/ (2025. szeptember 30.)

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„Long road to justice – The German piracy trial, Communis Hostis Omnium” 2012, Communis Hostis Omnium https://piracy-law.com/2012/10/21/long-road-to-justice-the-german-piracy-trial/ (2025. szeptember 30.)

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Maritime Security, Licensing of security companies on board ocean-going vessels, Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export Control, Germany 2013 https://www.bafa.de/EN/Foreign_Trade/Maritime_Security/maritime_security_node.html (2025. szeptember 30.)

Memorandum submitted by Marine Impact Ltd 2025 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmtran/1026/6032917.htm (2025. szeptember 30.)

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„Private security guards to be allowed on Dutch merchant ships to protect against piracy” 2021, Nautilus International https://www.nautilusint.org/en/news-insight/news/private-security-guards-to-be-allowed-on-dutch-merchant-ships-to-protect-against-piracy/ (2025. szeptember 30.)

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Resolutions adopted by the Security Council in 2019 United Nations https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/resolutions-adopted-security-council-2019 (2025. augusztus 29.)

Security Council Resolutions on Somalia 1960–2025 https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un_documents_type/security-council-resolutions/?ctype=Somalia&cbtype=somalia (2026. június 6.)

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„Seychelles shares pirate prosecution model with West African countries” 2015, Seychelles Nation https://www.nation.sc/archive/247212/seychelles-shares-pirate-prosecution-model-with-west-african-countries (2026. június 6.)

„Somalia Signs Jeddah Amendment on Illicit Maritime Activity” 2017, The Maritime Executive https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/somalia-signs-jeddah-amendment-on-illicit-maritime-activity (2025. szeptember 29.)

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„EU moving anti-piracy HQ to Spain from London post-Brexit” 2018, France 24 https://www.france24.com/en/20180730-eu-moving-anti-piracy-hq-spain-london-post-brexit (2025. szeptember 30.)

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Status of the SUA Convention 2025 https://treaties.un.org/pages/showdetails.aspx?objid=08000002800b9bd7 (2025. szeptember 30.)

Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2025 https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en (2025. szeptember 30.)

Table of claims to maritime jurisdiction 2011 https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/claims.htm (2025. szeptember 30.)

The Anti-Maritime Piracy Bill, India, 2019 https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-anti-maritime-piracy-bill-2019 (2025. szeptember 30.)

The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard 2022 https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/MCTP%2011-10B.pdf?ver=9Qihccgl32_Cwik1rnU0oQ%3D%3D (2025. szeptember 29.)

The Effect of Unregulated LatAm PMSCs on Crime 2017 https://silentprofessionals.org/unregulated-latin-american-private-security-companies/ (2025. szeptember 30.)

The Private Guard Companies Regulation in Nigeria 2018 https://www.aluko-oyebode.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/The-Private-Guard-Companies-Regulations-2018.pdf (2025. szeptember 30.)

Tudósítás a nyoni megállapodás (Genf, 1937. szeptember 17.) létrejöttéről, MTI, 8. kiadás, 1937 https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NapiHirek_1937_09_2/?query=SZO%3D(szikszói)&pg=90&layout=s (2025. szeptember 30.)

Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2383 (2017), Security Council Renews Authorization for International Naval Forces to Fight Piracy off Coast of Somalia 2017 https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc13058.doc.htm (2025. szeptember 30.)

United Nations General Assembly 22nd session 1967, Records https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/pardo_ga1967.pdf (2025. szeptember 30.)

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UNODC Maritime Crime Programme – Indian Ocean 2015 https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/piracy/indian-ocean-division.html (2025. szeptember 30.)

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